نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران.

2 استادیار اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران.

چکیده

چکیده گسترده
 
معرفی
یکی از مهمترین اهداف کشورها به ویژه کشورهای در حال توسعه رشد و توسعه اقتصادی است. سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی به همراه سرمایه انسانی و توسعه مالی از عوامل مهمی هستند که می توانند بر رشد اقتصادی تاثیر بسزایی داشته باشند. سرمایه انسانی می تواند به عنوان تسهیل کننده برای انتقال فناوری مربوط به سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی استفاده شود. علاوه بر این، شواهد نشان می دهد که سرمایه انسانی نقش مکملی برای تأثیر سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی بر رشد اقتصادی دارد. همچنین سرریز فناوری به شرکت­های داخلی هنگامی کارآمدتر هستند که بازارهای مالی در اقتصاد میزبان توسعه بیشتری داشته باشد. از این رو، هدف از پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی اثرات کوتاه مدت و بلندمدت سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی، سرمایه انسانی و توسعه مالی بر رشد اقتصادی گروه­های مختلف درآمدی کشورهای در حال توسعه است.
متدولوژی
در این مطالعه، الگویی برآورد شده است که برای اقتصادهای ناپایدار (کشورهای در حال توسعه) مناسب است. در این الگو، تاثیرات نرخ رشد جمعیت، تکنولوژی، سرمایه فیزیکی، سرمایه انسانی، توسعه مالی، سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی و اثرات تعاملی سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی و توسعه مالی و سرمایه انسانی بر رشد اقتصادی بررسی شده است. جامعه آماری، کشورهای در حال توسعه در دوره زمانی 2019-2000 هستند. جهت انجام تحقیق، کشورهای در حال توسعه به چهار دسته درآمد پایین، درآمد کمتر از متوسط، درآمد بالاتر از متوسط و درآمد بالا تقسیم­بندی شدند که در مجموع شامل 27 کشور (9 کشور آسیایی، 9 کشور آفریقایی و 9 کشور آمریکای جنوبی) می­باشند. در این پژوهش ابتدا مانایی متغیرها برای کشورهای در حال توسعه به تفکیک گروه­های درآمدی بررسی شد. سپس بر اساس آزمون کائو، وجود روابط تعادلی بلندمدت در میان متغیرهای مربوط به گروه­های درآمدی کشورهای در حال توسعه تایید گردید. جهت بررسی هم­انباشتگی، از روش­های FMOLS و DOLS استفاده شد.
 
یافته­ها
نتایج تخمین بلندمدت نشان داد که سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی به تنهایی به میزان 27/0 بر رشد اقتصادی کشورهای درآمد بالا موثر است و هنگامی که با سرمایه انسانی و توسعه مالی ترکیب شود، تاثیر آن بر رشد اقتصادی به ترتیب به میزان 42/0 و 104/0 خواهد بود. بنابراین اثر تعامل سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی و سرمایه انسانی نسبت به تاثیر سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی به تنهایی بر رشد اقتصادی کشورهای درآمد بالا بیشتر است. اما در سایر گروه­های درآمدی کشورهای در حال توسعه، تعامل سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی با سرمایه انسانی و توسعه مالی تاثیر مثبت بر رشد اقتصادی نداشته است. همچنین نتایج تخمین کوتاه مدت نشان داد که سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی به تنهایی بر رشد اقتصادی کشورهای با درآمد بالا تاثیری ندارد، اما تعامل سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی و توسعه مالی و تعامل سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی و سرمایه انسانی به ترتیب به میزان 48/0 و 13/2 بر رشد اقتصادی موثر است. این نتیجه نشان می­دهد که در کوتاه مدت سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی به تنهایی بر رشد اقتصادی تاثیری ندارد اما در کنار سرمایه انسانی و توسعه مالی تاثیر مثبت بر رشد اقتصادی این کشورها دارند. در سایر گروه­های درآمدی کشورهای در حال توسعه، تعامل سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی با سرمایه انسانی و توسعه مالی بر رشد اقتصادی تاثیر مثبت نداشته است. همچنین جزء صحیح خطای تعامل سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی با توسعه مالی و سرمایه انسانی نشان می­دهد که در هر دوره به ترتیب 78 درصد و 95 درصد از عدم تعادل­های موجود در سیستم جهت رسیدن به تعادل بلندمدت برطرف می­شود. اما در سایر گروه­های درآمدی، سرعت تعدیل بسیار ناچیز است و یا اصلا وجود ندارد.
 
نتیجه
این نتایج نشان می­دهد که کشورهای با درآمد بالا دریافته‌اند که با انتقال فناوری‌های جدید و سرریز فناوری، می‌توان بهره‌وری را با توجه به سطح بالای سرمایه انسانی و نیروی کار ماهر افزایش داد و این عاملی مثبت برای بهبود رشد اقتصادی است. همچنین در کشورهای در حال توسعه با درآمد بالا، به دلیل ظرفیت نهادی بالا در ساختار اقتصادی که منجر به کارایی فراگیر در مکانیزم تخصیص اعتبارات این کشورها شده است، اثر تعاملی سرمایه گذاری مستقیم خارجی و توسعه مالی بر رشد اقتصادی در کوتاه مدت و بلندمدت مثبت است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessing the short run and long run effects of foreign direct investment, human capital and financial development on the economic growth of different income groups in developing countries (application of the panel cointegration approach)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Neda Leylian 1
  • mehrzad ebrahimi 2
  • hashem zare 2
  • Ali Haghighat 2

1 * Ph.D. of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

2 Assistance professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.

چکیده [English]

EXTENDED ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
One of the most important goals of the countries, especially developing countries, is economic growth and development. Foreign direct investment along with human capital and financial development are important factors that can have a significant impact on economic growth. Human capital can be used as a facilitator for the transfer of technology related to foreign direct investment. In addition, evidences show that human capital plays a complementary role to the impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth. Technology overflow into domestic companies is also more efficient when financial markets in the host economy are more developed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the short-run and long-run effects of foreign direct investment, human capital and financial development on the economic growth of various income groups in developing countries.
METHODOLOGY
The model used for unsustainable economies (developing countries) is designed to be appropriate for the current study. In this model, the effect of population growth rate and technology, physical capital, human capital, financial development, foreign direct investment, foreign direct investment interaction and financial development and the interaction of foreign direct investment and human capital on economic growth is examined. The statistical population is developing countries in the period 2000-2019. For the study, developing countries were divided into four categories: low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income, which included a total of 27 countries (9 Asian countries, 9 African countries, and 9 South American countries). In this study, first, the significance of variables for developing countries by income groups was investigated. Then, based on the Kao test, the existence of long-run equilibrium relationships among the variables related to the income groups of developing countries was confirmed. FMOLS and DOLS methods were used to investigate the integration.
 
FINDINGS
The results of long-run estimates show that foreign direct investment alone is 0.27 effective on the economic growth of high-income countries, and when combined with human capital and financial development, its impact on economic growth is 0.42 and It will be 0.104. Thus, the effect of the interaction of foreign direct investment and human capital is greater than the effect of foreign direct investment alone on the economic growth of high-income countries. But in other income groups of developing countries, the interaction of foreign direct investment with human capital and financial development has not had a positive effect on economic growth. Also, the results of short-run estimates showed that foreign direct investment alone does not affect the economic growth of high-income countries, but the interaction of foreign direct investment and financial development and the interaction of foreign direct investment and human capital by 0.48 and respectively. 2.13 affects economic growth. This result shows that in the short run, foreign direct investment alone has no effect on economic growth, but along with human capital and financial development have a positive effect on economic growth in these countries. In other income groups of developing countries, the interaction of foreign direct investment with human capital and financial development has not had a positive effect on economic growth. Also, the correct component of the error of foreign direct investment interaction with financial development and human capital shows that in each period, 78% and 95% of the imbalances in the system are eliminated to achieve long-run equilibrium, respectively. But in other income groups, the speed of adjustment is very low or non-existent.
CONCLUSION
These results show that high-income countries have realized that it is possible to increase productivity due to the high level of human capital and skilled labor through the transfer of new technologies and technology overflows, and this is a positive factor in Economic growth works. Also in high-income developing countries, due to the high institutional capacity in the economic structure that has led to comprehensive efficiency in the mechanism of credit allocation of these countries, the interactive effect of foreign direct investment and financial development on economic growth in the short-run and long –run is positive.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Foreign direct investment
  • Human capital
  • Financial development
  • Economic growth
  • Developing countries
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