نوع مقاله : مقاله مستخرج از رساله دکتری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم اداری و سیاسی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران.

2 دانشیار اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم اداری و سیاسی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران.

3 استاد تمام اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد، دانشگاه بوعلی همدان، همدان، ایران.

چکیده

اجرای تمرکززدایی مالی باهدف بهبود فرآیندهای مدیریتی و انتقال مدیریت منابع و انجام مخارج، از دولت مرکزی به دولت‌های محلی یکی از عوامل بهبود کارایی خدمات عمومی ازجمله خدمات بهداشتی مطرح می‌شود. بر این اساس هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی تأثیر شاخص‌های تمرکززدایی مالی بر کارایی ارائه خدمات بهداشتی در استان‌های ایران به روش اقتصادسنجی فضایی طی سال‌های ۱۳۸۵-۱۳۹۵است پژوهش حاضر رویکرد دومرحله‌ای اتخاذشده است: در مرحله اول ضرایب کارایی در بخش بهداشت از طریق روش تحلیل مرزی تصادفی برآورد می‌شود. در مرحله دوم برای بررسی اثر تمرکززدایی مالی بر ضرایب برآورد شده کارایی از روش سنجی فضایی استفاده می‌شود. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که رابطه غیرخطی بین تمرکززدایی و کارایی وجود دارد و بنابراین مقدار بهینه‌ای برای تمرکززدایی می‌توان به دست آورد. به‌بیان‌دیگر تمرکززدایی مالی بیش از مقدار بهینه تأثیری معکوس بر کارایی خدمات بهداشتی خواهد داشت. درواقع سطوح اولیه تمرکززدایی مالی تأثیر مثبت بر کارایی دارد اما پس از عبور از نقطه ماکزیمم، افرایش تمرکززدایی مالی به منجر کاهش کارایی ارائه خدمات بهداشت عمومی می‌شود..حد بهینه تمرکززدایی مخارجی در این پژوهش7.75 است که اکثر استان‌های کشور ازنظر تمرکززدایی خارجی در حد بهینه هستند بنابراین افزایش تمرکززدایی مخارجی به بهبود کارایی خدمات بهداشت و سلامت منجر نخواهد شد .در مقابل حد بهینه تمرکززدایی درآمدی 44.36 است که استان تهران و اصفهان بالاتر از این حد قرارگرفته‌اند و سایر استان‌ها زیر مقدار بهینه تمرکززدایی درآمدی قرار دارند بنابراین اجرای سیاست تمرکززدایی درآمدی می‌تواند به کاراتر شدن ارائه خدمات بهداشت و درمان منجر شود همچنین شاخص رفاه و تراکم نسبی جمعیت، تأثیر مثبت بر کارایی خدمات بهداشتی دارد و اندازه دولت و نرخ باسوادی رابطه منفی با کارایی ارائه خدمات بهداشتی دارند. تأثیر مجاورت فضایی بین استان‌های کشور بر کارایی خدمات بهداشت مثبت و معنی‌دار بود .مثبت شدن ضریب فضایی نشان می‌دهد که افزایش یا کاهش کارایی در یک استان بر استان‌های مجاور تأثیر می‌گذارد. بنابراین برای بالا بردن کارایی در بخش بهداشت و درمان نیاز است که به کارایی استان‌های مجاور نیز دقت شود . نتایج دیگر این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که علاوه بر تمرکززدایی اندازه دولت، رفاه اجتماعی و تراکم نسبی جمعیت و نرخ باسوادی نیز بر سطح کارایی خدمات بهداشت و درمان تأثیرگذار است و برای سیاست‌گذاری‌ها باید به این موارد نیز توجه کرد. استان‌هایی که بیشترین کارایی خدمات بهداشتی را در سال 1395 داشته، تهران، مازندران، کهگیلویه و بویر احمد، خوزستان خراسان رضوی ، اردبیل و آذربایجان شرقی هستنددر استان‌های خراسان رضوی، مازندران، تهران، اصفهان، خوزستان وفارس تمرکززدایی مخارجی بیشتر است
بحث: هدف از تمرکززدایی مالی افزایش بهره وری خدمات درمانی است، اما اجرای مؤثر آن مستلزم شناسایی ظرفیتهای استانی است. بنابراین توصیه می‌شود قبل از اقدام به تمرکززدایی مالی ابتدا حد بهینه آن مشخص و شناسایی شود بدین ترتیب با تعیین سطح مشخص از تمرکززدایی برای هر استان، تمرکززدایی مالی بر پایه اهداف معین و مبتنی بر قابلیت‌ها و ظرفیت‌های استان‌ها عملیاتی و از برخورد مشابه و یکسان در این زمینه خودداری شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of Financial Decentralization on Efficiency of Health Services Delivery in the Provinces of Iran during 2006-2016: Using Spatial Econometrics

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Khodaverdi Samani 1
  • Mohamad Alizadeh 2
  • mohammad hassan fotros 3

1 PHD Student of Economics, Department of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Lorestan University, Khoram abad, Iran.

2 Associate Professor of Economics, , Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Lorestan University, Khoram abad, Iran.

3 Full Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Fiscal decentralization can improve the efficiency of public service delivery through preference matching and allocative efficiency. Local governments possess better access to local preferences and, consequently, have an informational advantage over the central government in deciding which provision of goods and services would best satisfy citizens’ needs The implementation of financial decentralization, with the aim of improving management processes and transferring resource management and spending, from the central government to local governments is one of the factors improving the efficiency of public services, including health services. so, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of financial decentralization indicators on the efficiency of providing health services in Iran's provinces by spatial econometric method in 2006-2016.

Method: The methodology is based on a two-step approach, estimating efficiency coefficients and analyzing the impact of fiscal decentralization on the latter. In a first step, the efficiency of public service delivery is estimated using stochastic frontier techniques. In a second step, this paper estimates the effects of fiscal decentralization on the estimated efficiencies.

Finding: The results show that there is a nonlinear relationship between decentralization and efficiency, and therefore the optimal value for decentralization can be achieved. Provinces below the optimal value can improve the efficiency of their health services by increasing decentralization. In fact, the initial levels of financial decentralization have a positive effect on efficiency, but after passing the maximum point, the increase in financial decentralization leads to a decrease in the efficiency of public health services.
Discussion :The goal of financial decentralization is to increase the efficiency of health services. But its effective implementation requires the identification of provincial capacities; Therefore, it is recommended that the optimal limit be determined and identified before attempting to decentralize financially.
Thus, by determining an optimal level of decentralization for each province, financial decentralization based on certain goals and based on the capabilities and capacities of the provinces will be operational and similar and equal treatment in this field will be avoided.Financial decentralization emphasizes the proper transfer of taxes and expenditures to different levels of government to improve the production of public goods and services. nonlinear relationship between financial decentralization and the efficiency of health care services indicates the optimal level of financial decentralization. Financial decentralization, if more than the optimal amount, will worsen the efficiency of service delivery due to the cost of decentralization through factors such as increasing corruption, increasing regional inequalities and lack of necessary infrastructure, lack of favorable political and economic environment. Findings under expenditure decentralization and under revenue decentralization point to the need for a favorable institutional and political environment. Effective autonomy of local governments is required to allow preference matching and the allocative efficiency hypothesis to operate. Strong accountability of local authorities vis-à-vis the local population is necessary to allow the productive efficiency hypthesis to operate. Corruption needs to be tackled to prevent misuse of public resources. And capacity needs to be strengthened at the local level. Absent those conditions, fiscal decentralization can worsen public service delivery.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Financial Decentralization
  • Efficiency of Health Services
  • Spatial Econometrics
Abimbola, S. (2020). Beyond positive a priori bias: reframing community engagement in LMICs. Health Promotion International35(3), 598-609. doi: 10.1093/heapro/daz023.
Abimbola, S., Negin, J., Jan, S., & Martiniuk, A. (2014). Towards people-centred health systems: a multi-level frak for analysing primary health care governance in low-and middle-income countries. Health Policy and Planning29(suppl_2), ii29-ii39.
Abimbola, S., Leonard Baatiema5 and Maryam Bigdeli(2019): The impacts of decentralization on health system equity, efficiency and resilience: a realist synthesis of the evidence, Health Policy and Planning, 34,  605–617.
Abounoori, E., & Kashefi, A. (2018). Economic Growth of Iranian Provinces. Macroeconomics Research Letter13(25), 154-180. doi: 10.22080/iejm.2018.2038. [In Persian].
Rauf, A., Khan, A. A., Ali, S., Qureshi, G. Y., Ahmad, D., & Anwar, N. (2017). Fiscal decentralization and delivery of public services: Evidence from education sector in Pakistan. Studies in Business and Economics12(1), 174-184.
Adam, B., Elhiraika. (2007). Fiscal Decentralization and Public Service Delivery in South Africa. African Trade Policy Centre. ATPC Work in Progress. No. 58.
Adam, A., Manthos D, D., & Kammas, P. (2008). Fiscal Decentralization and Public Sector Efficiency: Evidence from OECD Countries. Economics of Governance.no (23)2. 32-121.
Ahmad, I. (2016). Assessing the Effects of Fiscal Decentralization on the Education Sector: A Cross-Country Analysis. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 21(2), 53-96.
Ahmed, M., & Lodhi, A. S. (2016). Impact of fiscal decentralizations on education and healthcare outcomes: Empirical evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Applied and Emerging Sciences4(2), p122-134.
Alizadeh, M., Jafari Samimi, A., (2008). The effect of financial decentralization on economic growth in Iran. Ph.D. Thesis. Mazandaran University. Faculty of Administrative and Economic Sciences.[In Persian]
Antonis, A,. Manthos, D., Delis, Pantelis K., (2012). Fiscal decentralization and publicsector efficiency: Evidence from OECD countries: MPRA Paper No. 36889, posted 24 Feb 2012 06:15 UTC.
Arrow, K. J. (1978). Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care. In Uncertainty in economics (pp. 345-375). Academic Press.
Azar, A., Andalib Ardakani, D., Shahtahmasbi, E., (2010). Assessment of Relative Efficiency of Country Provinces in Rural Health Sector during the Third Development Plan and Early Years of the Fourth Development. 13 (39):65-78 . [In Persian]
Battese, G. E., & Coelli, T. J. (1995). A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data. Empirical economics20, 325-332.
Bossert, T. J., & Mitchell, A. D. (2011). Health sector decentralization and local decision-making: decision space, institutional capacities and accountability in Pakistan. Social science & medicine72(1), 39-48.‌
Dick-Sagoe, C. (2020). Decentralization for improving the provision of public services in developing countries: A critical review. Cogent Economics & Finance8(1), 1804036.
De Mello, L. (2012). Fiscal decentralization and public investment. In Decentralization and Reform in Latin America, 112-139. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Dinda, S., & Coondoo, D. (2006). Income and emission: a panel data-based cointegration analysis. Ecological Economics, 57(2), 167-181.
Elhorst, J. P., & Elhorst, J. P. (2014). Spatial panel data models. Spatial econometrics: From cross-sectional data to spatial panels, 37-93.
Faguet, J. P. (2001). Does decentralization increase responsiveness to local needs?-evidence from Bolivia (No. 2516). The World Bank.
Ghaffaryfard, M. (2013). Fiscal Decentralization Effectiveness on Economic Growth in Different Provinces of Iran. The Journal of Planning and Budgeting17(4), 3-23. [in Persian]
Golkhandan, A., (2017). The Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Health Indicators in Iran. Health Research Journal; 3, (1). 63-71.[In Persian]
Gilson, L., Kilima, P., and Tanner, M., (1994). Local Government Decentralization and the Health Sector in Tanzania. Public Administration and Development 15:451–77.
Griffith, D. A., & Paelinck, J. H. P., (2011). Non-standard spatial statistics and spatial econometrics. Springer Science & Business Media.‌
Hurwicz, L., (2008). But who will guard the guardians? The American Economic Review 98: 577–85
Kasraei, A., (2006). the theory of convergence, spatial dependence and regional growth (evidence from member countries of the Organization of Islamic Summit for application). Journal of Economic Research; 77, 27-64.[In Persian].
Kefayat, M., Ebrahimi, M., Zare, H., & Aminifard, A. (2024). The effect of terrorism on economic growth in selected countries of the Middle East: a panel spatial econometric approach. Quarterly Journal of Quantitative Economics (JQE)20(4), 146-179. doi: 10.22055/jqe.2021.36790.2352 .[In Persian]
Khemani, S. (2001). Decentralization and Accountability: Are voters more vigilant in local than in national elections? (Vol. 2557). World Bank Publications.
Khemani, S. (2006). Local government accountability for health service delivery in Nigeria. Journal of African economies, 15(2), 285-312.
Litvack, J. I., Ahmad, J., & Bird, R. M. (1998). Rethinking decentralization in developing countries. World Bank Publications.
Martinez-Vazquez, J., & McNab, R. M. (2003). Fiscal decentralization and economic growth. World development, 31(9), 1597-1616.
Motaqi, S. (2015). Geographical distribution of efficiency in the health sector in Iran's provinces with an emphasis on health sector indicators. Quarterly Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography, 4(7), 105-114. Retrieved from http://sanad.iau.ir/fa/Article/859717 [in persian]
Mehrara, M., & Shirijian, M. (2011). The Long-Term Impact of Human Resources on Economic Growth According to Bayesian Econometric Approach: A Case Study of Some Developing Countries. The Journal of Economic Policy3(6), 1-32. [In Persian]
Mohammadi, N., Haji, G., & Fotros, M. H. (2020). The impact of combined fiscal decentralization on economic growth in proviences of Iran. Economic Growth and Development research, 10(38), 98-75.[ In Persian]
Sow, M., & Razafimahefa, I. F. (2015). Fiscal Decentralization and The Efficiency of Public Service Delivery: International Monetary Fund. WP/15/59 IMF Working Paper Fiscal Affairs.
Musgrave, R. A., & Musgrave, R. A. (1959). The theory of public finance: a study in public economy (Vol. 658). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Naqibi, M., Tanhaei Dilmaghani, M,. (2016). Effects of financial decentralization on human development index in Iran. Journal of Financial economics (financial economics and development). 11. (38). 121-138.[In Persian]
Nikpey Pesyan, V., & Shahbazi, K. (2023). Spatial analysis of the effect of terrorism on attracting foreign direct investment in the Middle East. Quarterly Journal of Quantitative Economics (JQE), 20(2), 129-164.[ In Persian]
Oates, W. E. (1993). Fiscal decentralization and economic development. National tax journal, 46(2), 237-243.
Oates, W. E. (2002). A reconsideration of environmental federalism. Recent advances in environmental economics, 1-32.
Oates, W. (1972). Fiscal Federalism New York: Harcourt. Brace, Jovanovich.
Que, W., Zhang, Y., & Liu, S. (2018). The spatial spillover effect of fiscal decentralization on local public provision: Mathematical application and empirical estimation. Applied mathematics and computation331, 416-429.
Panahi, H., Mohammadzadeh, P., & Akbari, A. (2015). The Relationship between Urban Households Energy and Transportation Demand with Environmental Pollution through Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Provinces of Iran. Journal of Geography and Planning18(50), 29-53. Availabe at: https://geoplanning.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_3123.html?lang=en [in persian]
Pal, S., & Wahhaj, Z. (2017). Fiscal decentralisation, local institutions and public good provision: evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Comparative Economics, 45(2), 383-409.
Pritchett, L. (1996). Mind your p's and q's: the cost of public investment is not the value of public capital. Available at SSRN 620621.
Rubio, D. J. (2011). The impact of decentralization of health services on health outcomes: evidence from Canada. Applied Economics, 43(26), 3907-3917.
Sadeghi Shahdani, M., & Aghajani Memar, E. (2015). The Effect of Partial Fiscal Decentralization on Regional Economic Growth of Iran. Journal of Economic Modeling Research, 6(20), 159-191. doi:10.18869/acadpub.jemr.5.20.159 [In Persian]
Saavedra, P. A. (2010). A study of the impact of decentralization on access to service delivery.
Schwartz, B. J., Guilkey, D. K., & Racelis, R. (2002). Decentralization, allocative efficiency and health service outcomes in the Philippines. MEASURE Evaluation, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Soto, V. E., Farfan, M. I., & Lorant, V. (2012). Fiscal decentralisation and infant mortality rate: The Colombian case. Social Science & Medicine74(9), 1426-1434.
Tiebout, C. M. (1956). A pure theory of local expenditures. Journal of political economy, 64(5), 416-424.
Hao, Y., Liu, J., Lu, Z. N., Shi, R., & Wu, H. (2021). Impact of income inequality and fiscal decentralization on public health: Evidence from China. Economic Modelling94, 934-944.
Wang, M., & Tao, C. (2019). Research on the efficiency of local government health expenditure in China and its spatial spillover effect. Sustainability, 11(9), 2469.
 Zengounejad, A., (2008). Fertility efficiency measurement indicators of data overlay analysis in Naja provincial units, Supervision and Inspection Quarterly, 3, (9). 9-39.[In Persian]