نوع مقاله : مقاله مستخرج از رساله دکتری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری قتصاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده حقوق و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران.

2 استاد بازنشسته اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم اداری واقتصاد، دانشگاه اصفهان و عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه شیخ بهایی اصفهان، ایران .

3 دانشیار اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده حقوق وعلوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران.

چکیده

چکیده گسترده
معرفی:
اهمیت سرمایه انسانی در ارتقاء رشد و بهره­وری یکی از مهمترین موضوعاتی­است که مورد توجه صاحب نظران علم اقتصاد قرار گرفته است. می­توان گفت دستیابی به رشد اقتصادی یکی از دغدغه‌های اقتصاددانان در دهه‌های اخیر بوده است و نیازمند ایجاد برخی ساز و کارهای خاص می­باشد که شاخص سرمایه انسانی و جهانی شدن از جمله این ساز و کارهای خاص در عرصه اقتصادی به شمار می­روند. در حالی که رشد اقتصادی از سرمایه انسانی نشئت می­گبرد، اما بیشتر کشورهای منابع محور فاقد سرمایه انسانی ضروری به عنوان سرمایه طبیعی هستند. جهانی شدن به کشورها کمک می­کند تا مزایای باز بودن تجارت را کشف کنند، چرا که جهانی شدن ریسک اقتصادی کشورها را کاهش می­دهد. در عین حال، افزایش جریان سرمایه که ناشی از بازبودن اقتصاد می­باشد ممکن است به تولیدکنندگان اجازه دهد تا از مزیت­های سبد متنوع دارایی­ها برای سرمایه­گذاری در پروژه­های کم ریسکی که به رشد اقتصادی منجر می­شود بهره­مند گردند.
 
 
 
متدولوژی:
پژوهش حاضر تلاش می­کند، با تحلیل نظری و مدل سازی شرایط اقتصاد کلان، به بررسی هم­زمان ارتباط متقابل بین سه متغیر جهانی شدن، انباشت سرمایه انسانی و رشد اقتصادی با مقایسه تطبیقی بین 23 کشور منتخب در حال توسعه و 33 کشور توسعه یافته طی سال­های 1995 تا 2017، با استفاده از تکنیک اقتصادسنجی داده های تابلویی سیستمی مبتنی بر تخمین­زننده گشتاورهای تعمیم یافته بپردازد.
 
 یافته ها:
نتایج آزمون­های مورد بررسی حاکی از آن است که که در سطح اطمینان 95 درصد افزایش شاخص­های جهانی شدن، رشد اقتصادی و امید به زندگی بر افزایش شاخص سرمایه انسانی موثر هستند و افزایش نرخ شهرنشینی نتوانسته ابزار موثر در جهت بهبود شاخص سرمایه انسانی در کشورهای منتخب باشد. همچنین طبق نتایج می­توان گفت افزایش شاخص­های سرمایه انسانی، رشد اقتصادی، نرخ رشد جمعیت و توسعه زیر ساخت­های ارتباط از راه دور و سرمایه­گذاری مستقیم خارجی بر افزایش جهانی شدن موثر است؛ و در نهایت می­توان گفت تاثیر شاخص­های سرمایه انسانی، جهانی شدن، نیروی کار و سرمایه­گذاری بر افزایش رشد اقتصادی در دو گروه کشورهای منتخب موثر است
 
نتیجه:
با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده، ضرایب تکاثری (فزاینده) متغیرهای وابسته مدل محاسبه و برای دو گروه کشورهای توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که در کشورهای توسعه یافته مورد مطالعه در این پژوهش، تغییر شاخص­های جهانی شدن و رشد اقتصادی تاثیر تکاثری بیشتری بر شاخص سرمایه انسانی نسبت به کشورهای در حال توسعه می­گذارد. بر اساس نتایج، ضریب فزاینده سرمایه انسانی نسبت به شاخص جهانی شدن در کشورهای توسعه یافته بیشتر از کشورهای در حال توسعه است و به عبارتی می­توان گفت که تغییرات شاخص سرمایه انسانی تاثیر بیشتری بر شاخص­های جهانی شدن کشورهای توسعه یافته می­گذارد. اما ضریب تکاثر رشد اقتصادی بر شاخص جهانی شدن در کشورهای در حال توسعه بیش از 2 برابر این ضریب در کشورهای توسعه یافته می­باشد. این نتیجه بدین معنی است که تغییر مشخصی از رشد اقتصادی کشورهای در حال توسعه این پژوهش در بازه زمانی مورد مطالعه منجر به افزایش و بهبود قابل توجه­تر شاخص­های مرتبط با جهانی شدن در این کشورها نسبت به کشورهای توسعه یافته می­گردد. این نتیجه می­تواند به دلیل وجود ظرفیت­های خالی و پتانسیل­های بالقوه بیشتر در کشورهای در حال توسعه نسبت به توسعه یافته­ها باشد که معمولا اقتصاد این کشورها در ظرفیت کامل قرار دارند و قدرت رشدهای فزاینده را ندارند. به عبارتی می­توان گفت که تغییرات متغیرهای جهانی شدن و سرمایه انسانی، اثرات بیشتری بر رشد اقتصادی کشورهای توسعه یافته نسبت به در حال توسعه دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Globalization, Human Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth in selected Developed and Developing Countries

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyedeh Safia Hosseini Yazdi 1
  • Mostafa Emadzadeh 2
  • Saeed Daei-Karimzadeh 3

1 Ph.D.student of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Law and Humanities, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

2 Retired Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Isfahan university,and faculty Member of sheikh Bahaei University, Isfahan, Iran.

3 Associate Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Law and Humanities, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.

چکیده [English]

EXTENDED ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
The significance of human capital in improving economic growth and productivity is among the vital issues that have received considerable attention from economists. In specific, attaining economic growth has been an issue of interest for economists in recent decades, which requires certain mechanisms, including human capital index and globalization. Even though economic growth is driven by human capital, most resource-rich countries lack the necessary human capital since their natural capital out crowds’ human capital. Globalization assists a country in exploiting the benefits of openness, as it mitigates downside risks. Meanwhile, the increased capital flow that emerges from openness may enable producers to take advantage of a diversified portfolio and invest in riskier projects that yield rapid economic growth and expedite lending and borrowing. In addition, the degree of development of countries has been employed as a dummy variable, where zeros and ones indicate developing and developed countries, respectively.
 
METHODOLOGY
This research aims to examine the mutual relationship between three variables, namely globalization, human capital accumulation, and economic growth, by theoretical analysis and modeling macroeconomic conditions. Moreover, an adaptive comparison between 23 selected developing countries and 33 developed countries over the 1995-2017 period was carried out based on the generalized method of moments using systemic panel data.
 
FINDINGS
The results indicate that, with a 95% confidence interval, an increase in globalization, economic growth, and life expectancy leads to increased human capital. In contrast, an increase in the urbanization rate does not effectively improve the human capital index in the selected countries. Furthermore, increased human capital, economic growth, population growth rate, development of telecommunication infrastructures, and foreign direct investment affect globalization. Finally, human capital, globalization, labor, and investment affect the economic growth in the selected countries.
 
CONCLUSION
Based on the estimation results in selected countries, it can be concluded that increasing globalization leads to greater use of factors of production, higher efficiency at international levels, and improvement in economic growth through interaction with global markets and improvement in the technology employed in countries. Therefore, increasing the openness of the economy of a country increases productivity through the establishment of competition with other countries and the transfer of technology, which ultimately yields economic growth. Estimation and analysis of the multiplier coefficients of the dependent variables for the two mentioned groups of countries concluded that the changes in globalization and economic growth demonstrate a higher effect on human capital for the studied developed countries. Moreover, the multiplier coefficient effect of human capital on globalization in developed countries was more than that of developing countries. In other words, the changes in human capital demonstrate more significant effects on globalization in developed countries.
On the other hand, for developing countries, the multiplier coefficient effect of economic growth on globalization was more than that of developed countries by twofold. This result indicates that, for developing countries studied in the mentioned period, a change in economic growth leads to a more significant increase and improvement in globalization. These results may be due to more vacant capacities and potentials in developing countries. In developed countries, the economy is often at full capacity and does not allow for a high growth multiplier. Indeed, the changes in globalization and human capital variables affect the economic growth of developed countries more notably compared with developing countries.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Globalization
  • Human Capital Accumulation
  • Economic Growth
  • Generalized Method of Moments (GMM)
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