نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده ی مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

2 کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد انرژی، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده ی مدیریت و اقتصاد، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

چکیده گسترده
 
معرفی:
اقتصاد رفاه و شادکامی از حوزه های بسیار مهم و مورد توجه در ادبیات علم اقتصاد است که در سال های اخیر مورد توجه بسیاری از اقتصاددانان قرار گرفته است. با ورود اقتصاد شادکامی به ادبیات علم اقتصاد، بررسی چگونگی اثر‌گذاری عوامل اقتصادی و سیاسی بر شادکامی امری ضروری است. مطالعه حاضر به بررسی اثرات رانت منابع طبیعی و حکمرانی خوب بر شاخص شادکامی در کشورهای برخوردار از منابع طبیعی می پردازد. آزمون اثر تعاملی حکمرانی خوب و رانت منابع طبیعی بر سطح شادکامی کشورهای منتخب متکی به درآمد منابع طبیعی،  مسئله محوری این پژوهش می­باشد که در مطالعات قبلی به آن پرداخته نشده است.
 
متدولوژی:
اثر تعاملی رانت منابع طبیعی و شاخص حکمرانی خوب بر شادکامی در 66 کشور دارای رانت منابع طبیعی بالای 5 درصد از تولید ناخالص داخلی طی دوره زمانی 2018-2005 با استفاده از داده‌‌‌های تابلویی و به روش گشتاورهای تعمیم یافته (GMM) برآورد شده است. برای ایجاد اطمینان در خصوص مناسب بودن استفاده از این روش برای برآورد الگو، دو آزمون برای بررسی اعتبار و صحت متغیرهای ابزاری به کار رفته مطرح است. آزمون اول، آزمون سارگان می‌باشد که فرضیه صفر آن حاکی از عدم همبستگی ابزارها با اجزای اخلال است. مقدار آماره‌ی آزمون سارگان در سه الگو استفاده شده در پژوهش بزرگتر از 05/0 است، در نتیجه فرضیه صفر مبنی بر عدم همبستگی ابزارها با اجزای اخلال را نمی‌توان رد کرد. آزمون دوم، آزمون خود همبستگی جملات اخلال مرتبه اول AR(1) و مرتبه دومAR(2)  است به این صورت که باید فرضیه صفر مبنی بر عدم وجود خود همبستگی مرتبه اول رد شود و عدم وجود خود همبستگی سریالی مرتبه دوم رد نشود.
 
یافته­ها:
نتایج آزمون‌های سه الگوی مورد استفاده در پروهش نشان می‌دهند که متغیرهای ابزاری مورد استفاده مستقل از عبارت خطا بوده و در جهت تخمین مدل از اعتبار لازم برخوردار هستند. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از برآورد الگوها، رانت منابع طبیعی دارای اثر منفی و معنادار و حکمرانی خوب دارای اثر مثبت و معنادار بر شادکامی است. علاوه بر آن اثر تعاملی رانت منابع طبیعی و حکمرانی خوب بر شادکامی، منفی و معنادار است. علامت منفی ضریب تعاملی رانت منابع طبیعی و حکمرانی خوب بر روی شاخص شادکامی اشاره بر آن دارد که اتکا بر رانت‌های منابع طبیعی منجر به تضعیف آثار مثبت حکمرانی خوب بر روی شادکامی می­گردد.
 
نتیجه:
کشور‌های دارای منابع طبیعی، درآمد فراوانی از فروش منابع خود به دست می‌آورند، با وجود این درآمد‌ها، انتظار می‌رود که کشورهای دارای منابع طبیعی، رشد و توسعه اقتصادی و در ادامه رفاه و شادکامی بالایی را تجربه کنند اما از سطح پایین رفاه و شادکامی برخوردارند. علت این است که منابع طبیعی و عدم استفاده مناسب از درآمد آن باعث کاهش کیفیت حکمرانی می‌شود از طرف دیگر ضعف شاخص‌های نهادی بر رشد و شادکامی اثر سوء می‌گذارد و نعمت حاصل از منابع را به نفرین منابع تبدیل می‌کند. عدم وجود چهارچوب‌های ساختاری- نهادی در اکثر کشورهای مورد مطالعه، افزایش منابع طبیعی و سوء استفاده از رانت منابع توسط گروه‌های مختلف رانت‌جو با کاهش برابری، رفاه و شادکامی همراه است. تورم و بیکاری دارای آثار منفی و معنادار بر شاخص شادکامی هستند. افزایش بیکاری و تورم  و به تبع آن کاهش قدرت خرید باعث کاهش شادکامی می‌شوند. ضریب شاخص توسعه انسانی مثبت و معنادار بوده و در نتیجه بهبود کیفیت شاخص توسعه انسانی که به معنی افزایش سلامت، میزان تحصیلات، درآمد و استانداردهای زندگی است بر شادکامی تأثیر مثبت دارد. همچنین با توجه به اثر منفی رانت منابع طبیعی بر شادکامی اقداماتی از قبیل مدیریت منابع طبیعی، بکارگیری ابزارهایی چون صندوق ذخیره ارزی، استفاده از درآمد منابع طبیعی برای سرمایه‌گذاری در بخش های مولد اقتصادی و کاهش سهم درآمد منابع در بودجه جاری دولت می‌‌تواند فعالیت‌های رانت‌جویانه را کاهش داده و از بروز آثار منفی آن بر روی شادکامی جلوگیری کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effects of Natural Resources Rents and Good Governance on Happiness in Selected Countries: A Generalized Method of Moments approach

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sajjad Faraji Dizaji 1
  • Fateme Zeighami Dehaghani 2
  • Hossain Sadeghi 1

1 Associate Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

2 Masters in Energy Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

EXTENDED ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
The economics of welfare and happiness is one of the most prominent and important domains in economic literature which, in recent years, has been greatly attended to by many economists. With the advent of the economics of happiness in economic literature, the necessity to investigate how political and economic factors influence happiness has proved to be more and more critical. The present study investigates the effects of natural resource rents and good governance on the happiness index of resource rich countries. The test for interaction effect of good governance and natural resource rents on the happiness level of the selected countries which rely on natural resource revenues, is the pivotal issue in this research which has not been discussed in previous studies.
METHODOLOGY
The interaction effect of natural resource rents and good governance index on happiness in 66 countries having a natural resource rent of over 5 percent of gross domestic production from 2005 to 2018 has been estimated using panel data and the generalized method of moments (GMM). To ensure the appropriateness of using this method for estimating the empirical model, two tests are presented to investigate the validity and accuracy of instrumental variables. The first test is the Sargan test with a null hypothesis representing the uncorrelatedness between the instruments and the error term. The statistical value of the Sargan test in the three applied models in this research is greater than 0.05. As a result, the null hypothesis of no correlation between instruments and error terms cannot be rejected. The second test is the test of first-order autocorrelation AR(1) and second-order autocorrelation AR(2) in error terms in a way that the null hypothesis representing the absence of first-order autocorrelation must be rejected but the absence of second-order serial autocorrelation must not be rejected. The test results of the three models used in this study show that the applied instrumental variables are independent of the error term and enjoy sufficient validity for estimating the models.
 
FINDINGS
According to the results of the estimation of the models, natural resource rents have a negative and statistically significant impact on happinness while good governance have a positive and significant impact on happiness. Additionally, the interaction effect of natural resource rents and good governance on happiness index is negative and significant. The negative impact of the interaction term between natural resource rents and good governance on happiness leads to the weakening of the positive effects of good governance on happiness.
CONCLUSION
Natural resource rich countries earn a lot by selling their resources. It is expected that having these great levels of revenue, resource rich countries experience economic development and growth and consequently high levels of happiness and welfare, but in practice, they suffer from low degrees of happiness and welfare. This is because the natural resources and the misuse of their revenues lead to a reduction in governance quality. On the other hand, the weakness of institutional indexes creates a negative effect on happiness and growth which makes the windfall of natural resource revenues to become a curse for resource dependent countries. The lack of structural-institutional frameworks in most of the countries studied, the increase of natural resources and the misuse of resource rents by different groups of rent seekers are followed by a great decline in equality, welfare and happiness. Inflation and unemployment have significant negative effects on the happiness index. An increase in inflation and unemployment and their consequent reduction in purchasing power leads to a decrease in happiness levels. The coefficient of the human development index is significant and positive and as a result, the improvement of the quality of the human development index, which leads to a rise in health, education, revenue and life standards, has a positive effect on happiness. Additionally, with regard to the negative effect of natural resource rents on happiness, some measures including natural resource management, implementing instruments like a Sovereign Wealth Fund, using the revenue of natural resources to invest in productive economic sectors and decreasing the share of resource revenue in the current government budget can decline rent-seeking activities and prevent their negative effects on happiness.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Happiness
  • Natural resources rents
  • Good governance
  • Generalized method of moments (GMM)
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